The Levitt brothers, Alfred and William
, developed the model that
would change house building forever. After learning how to build
homes from their father, Abraham, during W.W.II, they came up with
a system to build houses quickly.
Long Island, New York was the beginning of the Levitt Brothers new
system of building houses. It was a planned community with houses
approximately 60 feet apart. Pre-assembled sections and components
were added to concrete slabs in an assembly line routine. In 1947,
Levittown, New York was opened and eventually grew to more than
17,000 separate homes.
After Long Island the Levitt brothers bought land in Bucks County,
Pennsylvania. The farmlands were in the townships of Bristol, Falls,
Middletown and the borough of Tullytown. Their company, Levitt &
Sons, built houses that became part of the largest planned community
in Bucks County. This new suburb, with affordable prices, was built
to provide housing for workers in the area around Philadelphia, PA
and Trenton, New Jersey, such as U.S. Steel's Fairless Works.
On Route 13 in Tullytown, in 1951, an exhibit center, with samples of
three houses was opened. The first style of house was a Levittowner,
which sold for $9,990. This style house was on a 70 by 100 foot lot.
Eventually houses of different styles, the Jubilee, the
Rancher, the Colonial, the Pennsylvanian and the Country Clubber
were built, with the most expensive, the Country Clubber, selling for
$16,900. Although Levittown, NY was a planned community,
Levittown, PA was to be a "self-contained planned community" that
included schools, places of worship, recreation areas and shopping
facilities. Levitt's plan included landscaping as well as providing a
washer, stove and refrigerator in each house.
When signing the agreement of sale, each property owner agreed to no
fences around their property, not to change the color of their homes,
not to hang laundry out on Sundays and to use and umbrella-type
clothes-line when clothes were to be hung out.
Ten weeks after the exhibit center opened, 3500 homes were ordered
with the builders completing approximately 200 houses per week.
Young families first occupied Levittown because Levitt made housing
affordable. There were many job opportunities at the steel mill and
other industrial sites. Forty percent of the homebuyers came from
Philadelphia; other homeowners came from other Bucks and
Montgomery County locations, upstate Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Levittown, PA had its share of growing pains. In Levittown's early
years. Levitt refused to sell homes to blacks. In 1957 a black family
purchased a home in the Dogwood Hollow section which sparked
much controversy. Mobs gathered outside of the house and threw
rocks and bottles, breaking windows. A neighbor who had helped the
black family had a cross burned on his lawn. The black family
remained in Levittown for a while, but eventually moved away.
People joined the Levittown Public Recreation Association (LPRA)
and met at one of the neighborhood pools. The Levittown
Shop-a-rama opened in 1952 with 90 stores including Woolworth's,
Kresge's, Eastern News, Western News, Pomeroy's, Sears, Penneys,
and others. Eventually, in 1954, the Country Club Shopping Center
was built on Route 1, in Middletown Township.
Levittown spread out over four municipalities, which included parts of
Middletown Twp., Falls Twp., Bristol Twp., and Tullytown Borough.
As large as Levittown, PA became, it was never incorporated into a
city. The layouts of the streets in the neighborhoods help
eliminate through traffic. Most streets in a particular section connected
to a "Drive" which went around the section. Street names began with
the same letter as the name of the section, usually with two sections
for each letter. One section of the letter would be "lanes" and the
other would be "roads". For example, Sweetbriar Lane would be in
the Stonybrook section while Sweetgum Road would be in the
Snowball Gate section. The names of the sections were very
picturesque such as Goldenridge, Pinewood, Lakeside, Forsythia
Gate, and Twin Oaks.
Sections in Levittown, PA included paved streets, street lighting,
off-street water, sewer, telephone, and electrical lines; most sections
also had sidewalks. Each section also had an open space green area
with many sections having a drainage ditch running through them.
Levitt made sites available for public schools and recreation areas.
Five of the recreation areas included Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Levittown, PA encompasses three school districts:
Bristol Twp.
School District,
Neshaminy School District (which included
Middletown Twp.), and the
Pennsbury School District (which
includes Falls Twp. and Tullytown Borough).
Levittown, Pennsylvania is the "city" that never was. If Bill Levitt had
his way, Levittown, PA would have been incorporated as one
municipality. It would have been Pennsylvania's tenth largest city.
Levitt argued that the four-municipality reality resulted in duplication
of public services.
Arguments for and against incorporation usually centered on tax
revenues and the ability of an incorporated Levittown to support itself.
The issue of incorporation faded away when Levitt & Sons moved
across the Delaware River to the next Levittown in New Jersey
(which is now called Willingboro).